How sanctions affect shipping companies and trade

The dictionary defines Sanctions as “Sanctions are measures taken by countries to restrict trade and official contact with a country that has broken international law.“.

Whether economic or political in nature, Sanctions have a real impact on the economy and can affect the interests of those engaged in businesses including international shipping.

The US and EU imposed sanctions on Russia due to the latter’s aggression against Ukraine.

Here is a look at the impact of these sanctions on the interests of shipping companies.

Shipping companies are a particular subject of such sanctions, as they may not be direct entities of US or EU sanctions, although the aforesaid restrictions will anyway affect their interests, as shown in several case studies.

US sanctions are imposed by Presidential decrees, the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES), the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA). In the US there is a special body responsible for control over the above issue: Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Treasury Department (OFAC).

A certain list of entities being subject to sanctions (SDN List) is officially published at the OFAC website. The list includes, inter alia, State Unitary Enterprise of the Crimean Republic “Crimean Sea Ports”, jointly with its branch, Kerch Commercial Sea Port.

It should be noted that US sanctions usually have no exterritorial effect, while prohibitions imposed by the sanction regime shall apply to US persons only.

The term US person means any citizen of the United States of America, a foreigner having permanent residence in the US, an entity incorporated under the US law or under any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), and all the persons physically located within the United States.

With regards to the aforesaid, there is no direct jurisdiction of the US / OFAC regarding foreign persons (i.e. citizens of a foreign country, entities incorporated under the laws of foreign states, etc.).

But it is a well-known fact that each transaction with US financial institution engaged shall be governed by OFAC rules and shall be subject to review of sanctions.

Since US financial institutions are strictly regulated and are subject to periodic inspections, almost all US banks support sanction compliance programs that include a review of sanctions against customers and transactions.

If the US correspondent bank that conducts a transaction knows or has reason to know that a certain person or entity engaged in bank transfer or referring thereto is subject to US sanctions, such bank shall be responsible if it fails to take appropriate measures in order to make sure that cost remittance was blocked.

Thereafter, the US bank shall notify OFAC on the blocked/rejected transactions as soon as possible.

With regard to the business aspect, it means that enterprises shall be aware of sanctions and shall not apply the US financial system for sanctions-related activities.

In the context of shipping, the US sanctions concerning the Crimea are the most vital ones. They prohibit the following:

• new investments in the Crimean region of Ukraine by US person or US legal entity, wherever they are;
• import of any goods, services or technologies from the Crimea to the US, directly or indirectly;
• export, re-export, sale or supply of any goods, services or technologies from the US to the Crimean region, directly or indirectly;
• any approval, financing, assistance, or warranty from any US person, wherever they are.

Like the US, the EU also imposed sanctions (or restrictive measures) against Russia in 2014. The EU imposed sanctions related to Ukraine, largely in cooperation with the US. EU sanctions are similar, though not identical to US sanctions.

However, EU sanctions are imposed for a limited period not exceeding one year and sometimes for six or even three months only. Upon expiry of such a period, the EU shall review the current situation and shall make a decision, whether to extend sanctions or not.

As for the Crimea, they similarly impose restrictions on economic relations with the occupied Crimean peninsula. The EU prohibited both natural persons and companies based in the EU to import goods, to export certain goods and technologies and to provide tourist services in the Crimea.

In particular, Clause 2 Article 2 of the Council Decision 2014/145 / the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) dd. the 17th of March 2014 prescribes the following: “Neither funds nor economic resources shall be available, directly or indirectly, in favor of natural persons or legal entities or authorities listed in the Annex thereto”.

This Annex includes State Unitary Enterprise of the Crimean Republic “Crimean Sea Ports”, jointly with its branches:

• Feodosia Commercial Sea Port,
• Kerch Ferry,
• Kerch Commercial Sea Port.

Specification of applying EU sanctions in practice is the following: they do not provide direct negative effects in view of charging penalties, for those who violate the above sanctions. Their effect shall be secured by means of mandatory implementation of sanctions legislation by EU Member States whose regulatory acts stipulate clear rules and responsibility for violation thereof.

Passage through Kerch Strait by vessels is a prime example of possible financing (or other financial impacts) in favor of maritime business entities being subject to sanctions.

Following the annexation of Crimea, the Russian Federation believes that the Kerch Strait has ceased to be an inland water area of both the Russian Federation and Ukraine and now belongs solely to Russia.

De jure, the Russian status of the Kerch Strait is not recognized by any state except the Russian Federation itself. Ukraine still considers the Kerch Strait as a common territory.

Naturally, both the US and the European Union support such a position of Ukraine.

Therefore, vessel transit through the Kerch Strait, as well as carriage of goods on board thereof anyway cannot be regarded as a prohibited activity.

In such a case, a vital issue arises in respect of port dues, namely in respect of the persons acting as ultimate beneficiaries of such port dues.

With regards to the ultimate beneficiary of funds, it should be noted that State Unitary Enterprise of the Crimean Republic “Crimean Sea Ports”, mentioned in both the US and EU sanctions lists, in practice did not act as a beneficiary in the framework of international cost remittances.

According to the latest wording (valid since 03.08.2019) of the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation No. 387 dd. 31.10.2012 “On approval of the list of port dues levied at the seaports of the Russian Federation”, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “ROSMORPORT” is entitled to charge fees for vessels passing through the Kerch-Yenikali Canal.

Therefore, payment of port dues during the passage of the Kerch Strait is not deemed as a formal violation of sanction restrictions.

Actual options, when such cases may occur in certain circumstances, are the following:

• a legal entity facilitating payment of the port dues (owner/charterer/ship manager) is registered in the USA (or in the EU) and therefore shall comply with the sanctions regime;
• the beneficiary is an entity mentioned in the SDN / SSI list (or EU list of specially designated nationals);
• a business entity engaged in rendering services is incorporated in Crimea and therefore is directly treated as the subject of sanctions;
• the goods being transported by vessel are of the Crimean origin.

Today there are no global reasons to worry while facilitating passage through the Kerch Strait, from the aspect of global sanctions.

It should be noted that sanctions regulation concerns not only shipping companies but also companies financing their activities by any means (e.g. various banks). Therefore, special attention should be drawn to the latter ones, in respect of conditions whereunder shipping companies operate.

Of course, there are many more issues related to the application of sanctions imposed by the EU and the US, although all of them can be settled by means of thorough analysis, as shown clearly by our experience.

Large shipping companies, as well as banking institutions, have employed experts in the sanctions regime, but the specific nature of sanctions in maritime shipping industry requires for additional special skills (such as determining the status of strait or entity being entitled to pay port dues at certain seaports, etc.), which may prevent from making a gross mistake and, as the result, bearing too high expenses.

 

Article by Mikhail Selivanov, associate attorney, and Taras Dragan, junior lawyer – Interlegal

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